Boxer Rebellion Timeline in China

At the turn of the 20th century, intense social pressure due to increasing foreign influence in Qing China led to an upsurge of participation in the Righteous Harmony Society Movement (Yihetuan), called the Boxers by foreign observers. From their base in drought-ravaged northern China, the Boxers spread across the country, attacking foreign missionaries, diplomats, and traders, as well as Chinese Christian converts. By the time it ended, the Boxer Rebellion had claimed almost 50,000 lives. Background to the Boxer Rebellion 1807: First Protestant Christian missionary arrives in China from the London Missionary Society.1835-36: Daoguang Emperor expels missionaries for distributing Christian books.1839-42: First Opium War, Britain imposes an unequal treaty on China and takes Hong Kong.1842: Treaty of Nanjing provides extraterritorial rights to all foreigners in China - they are no longer subject to Chinese law.The 1840s: Western Christian missionaries flood into China.1850-64: Christian convert Hong Xiuquan leads to bloody Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty.1856-60: Second Opium War; Britain and France defeat China and impose harsh Treaties of Tientsin.1894-95: First Sino-Japanese War, former tributary Japan defeats China and takes Korea.Nov. 1, 1897: Juye Incident, armed men kill two Germans at missionary home in Shandong Province, northern China.Nov. 14, 1897: German Kaiser Wilhelm II sends a fleet to Shandong, urges them to take no prisoners like Attila and the Huns.1897-98: Drought followed by flooding strikes Shandong, causing widespread misery. The Boxers Rebel 1898: Young men in Shandong form Righteous Fist groups, practicing martial arts and traditional spiritualism.June 11-Sept. 21, 1898: Hundred Days Reform, Emperor Guangxu tries to quickly modernize China.Sept. 21, 1898: On the verge of handing over sovereignty to Japan, Guangxu is stopped and goes into internal exile. Empress Dowager Cixi rules in his name.Oct. 1898: Boxers attack Liyuantun villages Catholic church, converted from a temple to the Jade Emperor.Jan. 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi rescinds condemnation of Boxers, issues letter of support.Jan-May, 1900: Boxers storm through the countryside, burning churches, killing missionaries and converts.May 30, 1900: British Minister Claude MacDonald requests defense force for Beijing foreign legations; Chinese allow 400 troops from eight nations into capital. The Rebellion Reaches Beijing Jun 5, 1900: Boxers cut railroad line at Tianjin, isolating Beijing.June 13, 1900: First Boxer appears in Beijings Legation (diplomatic) Quarter.June 13, 1900: Pro-Boxer General Dong Fuxians troops kill Japanese diplomat Sugiyama Akira.June 14, 1900: German Minister Clemens von Ketteler arrests and summarily executes a young boy he suspects of being a Boxer.June 14, 1900: Thousands of angry Boxers storm Beijing and burn Christian churches in response to boys murder.June 16, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu hold council meeting, decide to fully support Boxers.June 19, 1900: Qing government sends messengers to offer foreign legation members safe passage out of Beijing; instead, the foreigners shoot the messengers dead.June 20, 1900: Manchu Bannerman Captain En Hai kills Minister von Ketteler in a melee to avenge the murdered Boxer boy. Siege of the Legations June 20-Aug. 14, 1900: Boxers and Chinese Imperial Army besiege legations sheltering 473 foreign civilians, 400 foreign soldiers, and approximately 3,000 Chinese Christians.June 21, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi declares war against the foreign powers.June 22-23, 1900: Chinese set fire to parts of Legation district; priceless Hanlin Academy library burns.June 30, 1900: Chinese force Germans from a position atop Tartar Wall overlooking legations, but Americans hold the position.July 3, 1900: 56 US, British and Russian soldiers on Tartar Wall launch a 2 am a surprise attack, kill 20 Chinese soldiers, and drive survivors from the wall.July 9, 1900: Outside of Beijing; Shanxi Province governor executes 44 missionary families (men, women, and children) after offering them asylum at Taiyuan. Victims of Taiyuan Massacre become martyrs in eyes of Chinese Christians.July 13-14, 1900: Also 120 km (75 miles) outside Beijing, Battle of Tientsin (Tianjin); Eight-Nations relief force besieges Boxer-h eld city, 550 Boxers and 250 foreigners killed. Foreign troops (especially Germans and Russians) rampage through city afterward, looting, raping and killing civilians, while Japanese and Americans try to restrain them.July 13, 1900: In Beijing, Chinese set off a mine under French Legation, force French and Austrians to shelter in British compound.July 13, 1900: Advancing Chinese drive Japanese and Italian troops to precarious last defense line at Prince Sus palace.July 16, 1900: Australian journalist George Morrison injured and British Captain Strouts killed by Chinese snipers.July 16, 1900: London Daily Mail publishes a  report that all legation besieged had been massacred, including mercy killing of women and children, Russians boiled to death in oil, etc. The story was false, fabricated by a reporter in Shanghai.July 17, 1900: Eight-Nations relief force lands on the coast, begins the march to BeijingJuly 17, 1900: Qing government declares a cease-fire on legations.August 13, 19 00: Chinese end cease-fire, bombard legations as foreign rescue force approaches capital.August 14, 1900: Relief force lifts the siege on legations, forgets to relieve besieged Catholic North Cathedral until August 16.August 15, 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu escape Forbidden City dressed as peasants, go on inspection tour to ​the  ancient capital of Xian (formerly Changan) in Shaanxi Province. Aftermath Sept. 7, 1900: Qing officials sign Boxer Protocol, agree to pay huge war reparations over 40 years.Sept. 21, 1900: Russian troops seize Jilin and occupy Manchuria, moves that will spark 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War​.Jan. 1902: Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu return to Beijing from Xian and resume control of the government​.1905: Empress Dowager Cixi abolishes imperial examination system for training bureaucrats in favor of western-style university system, part of an attempt at sweeping modernization​.Nov. 14-15, 1908: Emperor Guangxu dies of arsenic poisoning, followed the next day by Empress Dowager Cixi​.Feb. 12, 1912: Qing Dynasty falls to Sun Yat-sen; formal abdication by Last Emperor Puyi.

“Have Gun, Will Travel…to Work” Essay - 1255 Words

â€Å"Have Gun, Will Travel†¦to Work† Case Study 8.5 Sharron F. Scott Professor K. Porter BUS 309-Business Ethics March 7, 2011 Question 1: Assume that either the Second Amendment or state law gives you a legal right to keep a gun in your car. Do you also have a moral right to do this? Do you have a moral, not only a legal, right to own a gun? Do you have either a moral or a legal right to park a car with a loaded gun in a public parking lot regardless of what the lot’s owner wants? No, I do not have a moral right keep a gun in my car regardless to the Second Amendment or state law gives me the right to keep a gun in my car. Although having a gun in your car is your legal right, the company policy may state it is prohibited. The†¦show more content†¦Question 3: Do you agree with the NRA that if companies ban guns from their parking lots, this restriction would take â€Å"a wrecking ball to the Second Amendment† or nullify the right of people to have weapons for self-defense? Explain why or why not. In your view, have gun advocates been guilty of politicizing this issue? Do you think state legislatures are right to get involved, or should the matter be left to companies and employees to settle? No, I do not agree with the NRA that if companies ban guns from their parking lots, this restriction would take â€Å"a wrecking ball to the Second Amendment† or nullify the right of people to have weapons for self defense. The Second Amendment gives the owner of the property the right to refuse weapons on their private property. I feel everyone believes in the Second Amendment but some people feel more strongly about this issue than others and it is a political issue. The state legislature should not get involved when it pertains to the issue of private property such as company property policies. These types of matters should be left up to the company and their policy makers. 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Classroom Engagement Produces Longitudinal - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Classroom Engagement Produces Longitudinal. Answer: Introduction: Student engagement is an essential forerunner of learning. It leads to better achievement while its opposite i.e. disengagement results in more dropouts. Student engagement is flourished in a learning environment where there is student autonomy but in a defined level. The engagement of students is also influenced by peers. The concept of student engagement is defined as identification and participation with the school. One way in engaging student is focusing on interpersonal behavior of teachers. For example, proximity contributes to emotional engagement whereas influence contributes to behavioral engagement. Helpful and friendly behavior along with the leadership would be the best way to engage students (Van Uden Ritzen, 2014) Student engagement increase the likelihood of school completion. It is characterized by students involvement and his participation in schooling process. It develops a sense of belongingness and commitment in students. The high engagement aspects include interest, concentrated attention and enjoyment. The low engagement aspects are apathy and no interest in school guidelines. High engagement in classrooms is significant predictor of continuing motivation and performance in school or college. The students are more likely to engage with authentic academic environment that allows them to solve real life problems. It extends beyond the classrooms. Also students are likely to be more engaged in student-controlled activities rather than teacher-controlled activities. Student engagement is characterized by teachers characteristics such as their effective communication, empathy and enthusiasm. Promoting participation among students can lead to reduction of school withdrawal. The engagement ca n be enhanced if teachers support students autonomy and competency. For example, teachers can provide task to student which offer choice, opportunities and connected to their goals. Teacher should provide tasks to students which are slightly difficult to do but not extremely difficult. Students are more engaged in individual and group assignment than listening to lectures (Shernoff Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). Engagement is defined as students involvement in learning activity. It has four dimensional constructs which includes behavioral, emotional, cognitive and agency aspect. Behavioral engagement describes how involved the student is in learning in terms of attention. Emotional engagement describes presence of positive emotions such as interest and absence of negative emotions such as anxiety. Cognitive engagement describes how strategically student is involved in learning like learning either by connecting or by memorizing. Agency engagement describes the extent of students contribution in terms of active participation like asking question, communicating their preferences etc. In order to enhance classroom engagement, it is necessary to generate motivational classroom experience such as new encounters with original or fresh ideas, promoting feedback and avoid pressured evaluations and criticism (Reeve Lee, 2014) Student engagement is very opposite of discipline problems, school failure and dropout. It helps in reducing gaps in the schools. Teachers should use effective strategies to involve students culturally and ethnically such as personality development training sessions which help students in connecting with curriculum, build authentic relationships and enhance reflective thinking (Bradshaw et al., 2018). Students learning experience and performances are correlated. The use of flipped model is the new way of engaging students. It leads to moving the lecture outside classroom using technology and moving homework inside the classroom through learning activities. The core idea is to flip the current model i.e. instructions via interactive lessons and teachers created videos are assessed at home and not in class while the work that needs to be done outside the class is now completed in classroom in the presence of teacher. It becomes collaborative learning experience. It gives opportunity to students to learn, to think by being actively engaged in content (Clark, 2015). From the earlier section of the report, it is found there are multiple ways to engage students in classrooms. So following are the most common ways that strengthen students engagement: helping and friendly behavior to students, effective communication, empathy, enthusiasm, promoting student participation, real life based studies, autonomy to students, introduce individual and group assignments, new encounters of students with original or fresh ideas, promoting feedback, personality development training session, flipped model .Also avoid pressured evaluations, continuous lectures and criticism. These student engagement ways have multiple strengths and weaknesses which should be evaluated, and finally necessary argument should be built upon it. More enriching lessons or real life cases, encounter to novelty help students to benefit from conceptualizations. Students are able to concentrate and are provided with intrinsic satisfaction that builds interest for future. Providing autonomy and competency help to cater the needs of changing society. Personality development courses can drastically impact the young peoples capability to involve in different activities such as group discussions, mind mapping etc. (Quaye Harper, 2014). Students will be equipped with new skills like reflective thinking and thus feel confident to pursue professional and personal goals. These methods remove the pain points of earlier method like criticism which undermines the ability of students. It helps in providing near universal knowledge and culture. Students feel empowered as they are involved in decision making activities through feedback mechanism and student-controlled lectures. Students will be trained in an environment where they are able to effectively communicate with their colleagues is an advantage of flipped model. They will be prepared like real world workplace environment. Teachers interpersonal characteristics provide motivation to students, which improve their involvement in classes. Teachers are reluctant sometimes to new concepts like flipped model. This is because they face the repercussions of such changes (Gilboy Heinerichs, 2015). It is not necessary that all teachers possess both subject matter expert and interpersonal qualities. It is challenging to foster these new ways. Students may fear or might not adapt the change. The changes like group assignment might increase the anxiety level among students. It might impact students emotional and social well-being. Not only the decisions makers are reluctant but also parents and general opinion becomes obstacle. There can be conflict among stake holders where one sees eliminating exams as an opportunity and other feels duty bound to safeguard the exiting process. Teachers interpersonal behavior might impact temporarily but it may not yield the desired result in the long run when students own efforts are counted more. Also these engagement effects might work for some students, but not necessarily for all. It is difficult to understand which aspect of teachers engagement is more beneficial. After analyzing both strengths and weaknesses of different ways, we can find that some of the activities like flipped learning suffer both implementation and cultural challenges in spite of its strengths. The report constitutes some simple approaches like interpersonal skills and characteristics of teachers that can foster student engagement when planned properly. These skills like group assignments, real life case studies, promoting student participation are value addition to knowledge but stakeholders might feel reluctant to implement them. It has been said that evaluations and criticism should be avoided without acknowledging their benefits. So is there anything else to replace these exams. Are students, teachers, parents and authorities have sufficient resources and in consent with each other to welcome the change? We can see that all student engagement ways which are mentioned have positive side as well as negative. It is difficult to implement these changes but isnt it like any other change in any other field? Change takes time, but its impact must not be ignored. So, implementing such changes is difficult but worth achieving. By the use of necessary instructional skills, they can become a rewarding and enriching experience that can produce positive outcome for all learners. Recommendations These new ways should be seen as opportunity to facilitate learning rather as a threat. They should not be limited to what is expected from teachers and students in the class instead these ways should build their beliefs, attitudes and motivate them (Reeve Lee, 2014). Each stakeholder should recognize the importance of these processes. It is necessary to have proper structure in place to make changes in exiting system. It is mandatory to understand the learner driven approach followed by planning and strategic implementation. The learners and teachers should be provided with ample support. It is essential to take into account students education histories, their development level, skills and their expectation out of the classroom learning (Foster Yaoyuneyong, 2016). The school authorities should evaluate learners ability before putting any change in place. These methods should be pilot tested and regularly improved. Teachers should be given proper training to implement these ways like programs to understand the importance of interpersonal behavior. Analysis should be done to understand whether it is practical to enforce such changes based on cost and result parameters. Substantial time should be given to evaluate and monitor the ways after implementation. It is important to understand all the ingredients of teacher s engagement that effect the classroom motivation. The interaction of multiple ways that effect engagement should not be ignored. For example would student feel engaged when they are provided with task of their choice and it is slightly difficult. The youth participation in schools leisure activities, extracurricular participation can be used as evaluation criteria for student engagement (Xerri, 2016). References Bradshaw, C. P., Pas, E. T., Debnam, K. J., Bottiani, J. H., Rosenberg, M. (2018). Increasing Student Engagement through Culturally-Responsive Classroom Management.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences,5(6). Clark, K. R. (2015). The effects of the flipped model of instruction on student engagement and performance in the secondary mathematics classroom.Journal of Educators Online,12(1), 91-115. Xerri, D. (2016). Teaching and learning English in a multicultural classroom: strategies and opportunities.Journal for Multicultural Education,10(1), 19-32. Foster, J., Yaoyuneyong, G. (2016). Teaching innovation: equipping students to overcome real-world challenges. Higher Education Pedagogies, 1(1), 42-56. Gilboy, M. B., Heinerichs, S., Pazzaglia, G. (2015). Enhancing student engagement using the flipped classroom management.Journal of nutrition education and behavior,47(1), 109-114. Quaye, S. J., Harper, S. R. (Eds.). (2014).Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations. Routledge. Reeve, J., Lee, W. (2014). Students classroom engagement produces longitudinal changes in classroom motivation.Journal of Educational Psychology,106(2), 527. Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Schneider, B., Shernoff, E. S. (2014). Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory. InApplications of Flow in Human Development and Education(pp. 475-494). Springer Netherlands. Van Uden, J. M., Ritzen, H., Pieters, J. M. (2014). Engaging students: The role of teacher beliefs and interpersonal teacher behavior in fostering student engagement in vocational education.Teaching and Teacher Education,37, 21-32.

Implementation of Project MGMT Methodologies-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on the Current Project Management Issues in the Case Study of Frank Billings. Answer: Introduction Since 1990 when it was first started, is growing like anything. The reason why it is becoming so popular is this technology has provided a brilliant facility to the companies to produce highly complex designed equipment much faster and better quality[1]. It helps in reducing the scrap work and a better platform to communicate their ideas. Frank Billings was an engineering graduate who was very much enthusiastic to study in detail regarding the rapid prototyping. His dream became true after three years of completing his graduation, after he left Cocable, received order from his ex-company to develop four rapid prototyping machines according to the specifications provided by Cocable. Project Management: Issues and their Causes Project Management Methodologies were not used In the contract awarded by the Cocable to Frank, nothing was mentioned related to the submission of project management documents anywhere since the beginning of the execution of project stage. The activity of developing the retro prototyping started just after the job was awarded to Frank by Cocable. The issue of directly starting the job without doing any cross verification has happened due to the urgency of starting the job by Frank and also due to urgency in completing the project as the project delivery date was very tight. So none of the parties were interested to invest time in developing the project management documents and even they did not follow any project management methodologies too. All the parties Frank, Cocable and GE were interested in developing the retro prototyping and neither party interested in developing or following the project management strategies. Scope of work was not verified since the start of Retro Prototyping Project Ever since the work order was awarded to Frank, neither he wanted to cross check the scope nor did the Cocable also insisted for doing so either with Frank or from their client GE. This was the major mistake that has arises such a serious conflicts at the end of the project. The scope verification [2] process that is conducted when the work is in progress and the proper monitoring is done in Project Management, according to which the stage ask the team to reconfirm the scope after every stage of progress for its verification and minimize the diversion from the aim or scope of work. Stakeholder Identification not performed The very first step of the project management procedure is the identification of stakeholders and documents the expectations of the stakeholders. In this stage the stakeholders were identified, their expectation from the project is documented and the procedure to meet the expectations is also documented. This stage was totally missing in this case. If this would have been there, the expectations of GE would have been well identified before the start of the work. No communication matrix developed It is the step in project management which is conducted just after the stakeholder identification stage. When the types of communications, there procedure, venue and media are identified[3]. This stage was also missing in the case. In this case, Frank was unaware that in case of any issue whom he need to contact in Cocable as per the contract terms. This became the main reason of the conflict. Now as the issue arises regarding the scope verification, none of the party is willing to take the ownership, as it was actually not clear since the beginning. So the identification of roles and responsibilities in communication matrix is required well before the actual start of job. Change Control Procedure is missing This stage is required to be defined at the beginning itself which can help the project in resolving conflicts in case of any changes occurs in scope of quality requirements in between the project execution stage[4]. In current case, since the document is missing, so no one knows that how to resolve the current issue of increase in the length of model from 55 inches to 62 inches. Moreover, Frank need to procure many more actuators, and other related items for the change. So now who will pay for the change remains unresolved due to the absence of this document. Recommendatons By looking at the issues which has risen in the case, is because of not following the proper steps of project management methodology and related techniques. So the project management techniques need to be followed in every project for the whole life cycle. Otherwise similar issues can always arise. The lessons learnt from the study can be summarized as, the stakeholder identification, communication matrix, scope verification and other similar stages of the project management need to be followed since the beginning of the project till its end. Conclusion So now it can be concluded that the whole issues in the current case has raised only because of neglecting the requirement of project management processes in any project irrespective of its deadline and stringent requirements. This report has also identified few more stages of improvement required for the proper flow of work and resolving all probable ways of evolving any issues. Now the issue which remained unresolved is the finding of the mistake maker that who shall pay for the cause of this conflict and need to pay for the schedule and cost overrun. After going through the whole case study it can be finalized that it is not only the fault of Frank who did not crossed checked the scope before start of work, but also of Cocable who did not demanded any project management documents which are mandatory required before the start of any activity and similarly the GE, who in turn did not demanded for any king of reporting system in between the work execution stage, so I feel that all th e three parties are equally responsible for the problem occurred. References Stratasys. (2017) Rapid Prototyping. [Online]. https://www.stratasys.com/solutions/rapid-prototyping Andy Jordan. (2012, October) Scope Verification: The Forgotten Process. [Online]. https://www.projectmanagement.com/articles/275424/Scope-Verification--The-Forgotten-Process Sheryl. (2011, January) Using the Communications Management Matrix as a Tool. [Online]. https://www.brighthubpm.com/monitoring-projects/33854-using-the-communications-management-matrix-as-a-tool/ Cathlynn Carman. (2013, May) 4 Steps to Effective Change Control. [Online]. https://insights.dice.com/2013/05/08/why-change-control-isnt-for-sissies/