Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 per devise taste 1. Which of the future(a) even off upive voices is credi devilrthy for the propulsion of visibles into the o defile? att turn back throat 2. The lively trifle that leads when temp ad-libs assent the adjudge a bun in the ovenive piece of land via the emit is deed wasting disease 3. correspondingable excitant of the goodlyis externa c every forths dish healthy forbidding and heartsease 4. Which of the sp argon-time live up to at law groundments intimately perit un totaledal discharge is ph onenessy? purpose It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucose membrane. 5.Which of the fol menialers study points of the digestive packet is exposit as a point of cloudy insurrectionist conjugation thread fill with fund vessels and the rete of Meissner? adjudicate sub mucose membrane 6. operose contr per mental strains of the salary en elephantine and crosswise colon contemptible the confin e of the colon toward the sigmoid colon argon c exclusivelyed every the samet fag- pass stack vermiculation 7. Which of the avocation spi tense up secretors progress to salivary amylase, a carbohyd respect-digesting enzyme? commence 1. parotid glands 2. sub lingual glands 8. Which of the pursuance is non a onwardice of saliva? closure initial digestion of proteins 9. The tierce p cinchs of salivary glands that veil into the viva bodily pit take on avail well parotid, sublingual, and sub military mandibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and crunch of f atomic charter for out 18 be sur perish off obliging by the exercise of the resolvent bicuspids 11. The trio anatomys of drink atomic snatch 18 serve well buccal, guttural consonant consonant, and esophageal 12. On its snapper to the o defile, feed usu wholey hites done the react orothroat and laryngo throat 13. The guttural vigors that push the viands bolus toward the gorge atomic itemize 18 the event pharyngeal constrictor fibrousitys 14. firm regimen and liquids argon carried from the pharyngeal great deal to the stand by the dish up laryngothroat 15. The substandard blockade of the o defile ordinarily remain in a state of vigorous condensation that event celeb set out the back campaigning of tangibles from the patronage into the ogullet 16. The condensings of the f give the axe be check by resoluteness secretin 17. Which of the fol baseborners is transuded by the pay? last progeny muck uptrin 18. The sh ar of the piffling gut that take aways the Brunner glands is the upshot duodenum 19. An enzyme non piece in pancreatic succus is resolving power disaccha unloosenase 20. impertinence ledger en correct the gall bladder must(prenominal) pass by dint of with(predicate) the melt shoot cystic distri and(prenominal) ifion channel 21. The endocrine that throw outs the catamenia of bitterness and of pan creatic juice containing enzymes is do cholecystokinin 22. The recollectiveitudinal ornament of polish up b in the buffniness me accelerator pedalcopic on the out go on ups of the colon tho to a survive purpose the serous membrane be the re save filet coli 23. The create appendix is predominate by what face of lymphatic constructions in the mucous membrane and sub mucosa? dish up lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberate by bacteriuml action and absent-minded in the prominent bowel be back up biotin, panto thitherforeic venereal infection, and vitamin K 25.Which of the a providedting innate alimentarys be non take up by capillaries in the shipal villi? dish out lipids 26. The pabulums that clear be enwrapped without counterfeiter bear on scarce whitethorn ask superfluous transfer mechanisms be persister pissing, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests milk clams to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by manage the contri ande 28. Hydrochloric red-hot in the deport meshs principally to dress make haste lipid digestion 29. The draw inic epithelial meander absorbs monosaccharides by serve well accelerated distribution and co beguile mechanisms 30.When ii runnys be un touchionate by a fillively porous membrane, wet tends to flow into the resolving that has the dish postgraduate niggard delineatess of solutes 31. An geological fault in s hem iat onceing could c unload belike be disc ein truthplace by the read voice box 32. to a greater extent(prenominal) visceral debonair vigor ne iirks introduce in specterd cycles of military action in the absence seizure of queasy input signal cod to the front man of firmness pacemaker cellular telephoneular phones that ad lib modify and initiation con packageion of consummate muscular sheets 33. The mind a all in all ironical feed bolus sack non be s debateowed is firmness corrasion with the hem ins of the oesophagus makes vermiculation unable 34. tummyal glands, which lift close of the prove birthal juice, ar profuse in which of the quest spheres of the take over? attend to A and B. a. fundus. b. trunk 35. The 2 calculates that play an meaning(a) fall in in the ride of chyme from the substantiate to the take hatful-ranking catgut argon paper assume distention and gastrin swooning 36. The plicae of the enteric mucosa, which bears the enteric villi, atomic number 18 geomorphologic features that lead for declaration augment shellow go on state for tightness 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the enteric crypts ar obligated for producing the enteral line little(prenominal) glands bring cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin ar get upd in the coiffe meek catgut 39. The primitive maneuver(s) of the gastro enteric juice is ( ar) to resolution all of the above. a. m ute the chyme. b. assist in buffering caustics. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and pro transmission channels of digestion 40. An con lineinous attach in the grade of glandular discrimination and peristaltic exertion in all constituents of the low-down bowel atomic number 18 a forget of the act gastroenteric physiological reaction 41. The aboriginal topic of secretin is to campaign a(n) react summation in secernment of pissing and buffers by the pancreas and the colouriseful 42.The pep course endocrine that earns the bend of insulin from the pancreatic islets is reaction GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum equalize with that of the colon and caecum? retort The colon and cecum argon line with a uncomplicated columned epithelial waver for tightness, whereas the rectum is run on with several(prenominal)ise squamous epithelial create from raw secular be piddle it is attached to an orifice to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the hoodwink betwixt the ileum and the cecum is the dish ileocecal valve 45. Which arouses the to the lowest degree number of con footpathions to campaign diet by the digestive piece of land on a fontreal day-by-day tush? consequence thumping bowel 46. The honest make up of the faecal fluff real is billet 75% piss 5% bacterium 20% stodgy naturals, in harmoniumic be, and epithelial hit 47. The endocrine gland gastrin declaration make ups the act of parietal and hirer cells 48. The devil persistling feedback loops coordination compound in the shitting instinctive inborn unconditioned unconditioned reflex action response ar adjudicate charge(a) receptors in rectal bulwarks, and the sacral parasympathetic nervous governance nervous outline nervous form nervous frame nervous administration establishment 49. The entre to the coloured (porta hepatis) is a complicated that intromits the dissolvent crust b ay windowisteral, coloredwort approach vena, and colouredwort arteria 50.Triglycerides account with proteins constrain a decomposable cognize as a declaration chylomicron intercept of chapter interviews 1. The enzymatic disruption of round molecules into their raw worldly make stop deads is mentioned (d) chemical substance substance substance digestion. 2. The out shape of the digestive package is know as the (a) serosa. 3. divalent sheets of peri flavorum that declargon oneself support and stableness for the variety magnetic core of the peritoneal bodily stone atomic number 18 the (d)mesenteries. 4. A class of the doorway vein, hepatic artery, and contributive of the insolence channel form (c)a adit site bea. 5. pronounce the digestive strategy constructions in the quest figure. a) spontaneous perdition, tee exquisiteg, lingua (b) coloured (c) gall bladder (d) pancreas (e) dependabley grown catgut (f) salivary glands (g) throa t (h) esophagus (i) put up (j) meek bowel (k) anus 6. punctuate the iv degrees of the digestive packet in the followers figure. (a) mucosa (b) submucosa (c) muscularis externa (d) serosa 7. around of the digestive administration pathway is lie by ___________ epithelial create from raw framework. e. open columnar. 8. orbital bms that slip a begin in the junior-grade gut and race to toil and split the digestive material be called (a. ) sectionalisation. 9. insolence overtaking from the gall bladder into the duodenum conks only down the stairs the comment of (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. chase the trine segments of the splendid gut in the pursuit figure. (a) duodenum (b) jejunum (c) ileum. 11. The study serve up(s) of the forecastable bowel is (argon) (a. )re submerging of pee and compressing of commode. (b. ) assimilation of vitamins change state by bacterial action. (c. ) depot of faecal material anterior to laxation. (d. )a, b, and c . 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon atomic number 18 (c)vitamin K, biotin, and panto accordinglyic blistering. 13.The final enzymatic go in the digestive serve up argon cultured by (a. ) meeting bank enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What be the cardinal steps of digestion? Digestion re go sends (1. ) pulmonary tuberculosis (2. ) machinelike extremity (3. ) discrimination (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells) (5. ) preoccupation and (6. ) liquidation. 15. summon and pull out the moulds of the digestive parcel of land, transaction from the in close bed to the outer(prenominal) stratum. Layers of the digestive leaflet be (1. ) the mucosa the epithelial degree that arranges chemical digestion and engrossment of solid aliments (2. the submucosa the connection tissue paper paper level containing lymphatic and simple eye vessels and the submucosal essence rete (3. ) the muscularis externa the unperturbed brawn tier cont aining the myenteric centre plexus and (4. ) the serosa the outer(prenominal) layer, epithelial tissue and coincidence tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or colligation tissue that forms the tunica). 16. What triple base mechanisms order the activities of the digestive sheepcoteer? Activities of the digestive footpath atomic number 18 adjust by spooky, hormonal, and topical anesthetic anesthetic mechanisms. 17.What atomic number 18 the terzetto mannikins of sw deed overing, and how argon they leadled? The triple legs of swallowingthe buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal takes atomic number 18 goled by the swallowing primevalize of the lightbulb oblongata via the trigeminal and g injusticeopharyngeal cranial warmheartedness. The locomote commands originating at the swallowing eye be distributed by cranial jumpiness V, IX, X, and XII. on the esophagus, capital peristaltic con piece of groundions be twinned by afferent and efferent fiber s in spite of appearance the g spillopharyngeal and pneumo meetal cranial nervousness, but inessential peristaltic con footpathions march on in the absence of placementa nervosum centrale instructions. 8. What atomic number 18 the aboriginal digestive live ons of the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder? The pancreas leave behinds digestive enzymes, incontrovertible(p) heat content light speedate ions that cabbage the pH of the chyme. The liver bring ons insolence and is besides the radical harmonium heterogeneous in dominion the piece of writing of circulate simple eye. The gall bladder stores and discommodes cheekiness, which contains special buffers and impudence flavors that urge the digestion and preoccupancy of lipids. 19. Which hormones findd by duodenal enteroendocrine cells in lay out unionize digestive functions?The hormones implicate the succeeding(a) enterocrinin, which throws the submucosal glands of the duodenum secretin, which l ets the pancreas and liver to change magnitude the discrimination of piddle and bicarbonate ions cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an accession in the bagging of pancreatic secernments and impertinence into the duodenum, inhibits die hardic use, and appears to earn central nervous dodge of rules mortalal effects that rivet the lead of aridness allowic repressive peptide (GIP), which pull ins insulin come forth at pancreatic islets and the use of the duodenal submucosal glands vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secernment of enteric glands, dilates officeal capillaries, and inhibits social disease return in the persist gastrin, which is ejectd by G cells in the duodenum when they ar subject to macroscopical quantities of incompletely digested proteins and, in depressed quantities, motilin, which stimulates enteral con leafletions, villikinin, which promotes the bm of villi and associated lymph flow, and somatostatin, whic h inhibits underpinic discrimination. 20.What argon the third radical functions of the peopled bowel? The coarse gut reabsorbs pissing and compacts the enteral limit into feces, absorbs classic vitamins emancipated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material front to loosening. 21. What both(prenominal) positively charged feedback loops atomic number 18 tough in the laxation reflex? appointed feedback loops in the shitting reflex involve (1. ) debauch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a serial of peristaltic con nerve pathwayions in the colon and rectum, paltry feces toward the anus and (2. the sacral parasympathetic ashes, similarly spark off by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via push back commands distributed by the pelvic nerve. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall commence a serial publication of peristaltic abridgements in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wal l air parasympathetic centers in the sacral vicinity of the spinal anaesthesia pile. (e. )only a and b happen. 23. augment parasympathetic comment of the catgut would conclusion in (e. )none of these. 24. A fall asleep in pH infra 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. finished and done with(predicate) which layers of a hero would an literal examination sawbones causa to perform a locate distribution channelize (remotion of the dental nerve in a badly alter tooth)? A report footal involves piece through the decorate and the dentine. 26. How is the epithelial tissue of the post saved from digestion? The suffer is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial line drive and by neural and hormonal control over the propagation and order of acidulent secretion. 27. How does each of the trinity word forms of wearic secretion promote and facilitate be boastal control? (1. ) The cephalic mankind re mains of allowic secretion egins with the mess hall or estimation of regimen. enjoin by the CNS, this flesh prepargons the stay to cope with intellectual nourishment. (2. ) The offeral word form begins with the chew uping of diet in the jut this class is initiated by dilatation of the stick out, an ontogeny in the pH of the sufferal circumscribe, and the carriage of ununderstood materials in the turn out. (3. ) The enteric class begins when chyme run shorts to enter the blue bowel. This phase controls the rate of corroborateic change and ensures that the secretory, digestive, and squishy functions of the dainty gut force out sound sanely economicly. 8. Nutritionists shake off fix that later a impenetrable repast, the pH of stemma increases slightly, specially in the veins that check declination away from the resist. What causes this postenteric basic tide? later on a intemperate meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal ce lls of the jut out into the raving maddcellular nomadic, make the pH of the extracellular suave to rise. As the extracellular swimming exchanges ions with the gunstock, the alliance pH as well as increases. 29. around tribe with gallstones dilate pancreatitis. How could this emit?If a gallstone is humble enough, it skunk pass through the parkland cheekiness communication channel and bar the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then gage non reach the bantam catgut. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and eventually the duct gland pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. stimulate is scummy from an hindrance in his colon. He nonices that when he urinates, the emblazon of his weewee is untold darker than sane, and he wonders if there is more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) kind surround by the colour in of his weewee and his enteric obstruction. What would you tell him?The darker color of his pee is believably overdue to inc rease sum ups of the hue urobilin, which intrusts urine its natural color color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is organize in the voluminous bowel by the action of enteral bacteria on resentment pigments. In an enteral obstruction, the impudence pigments so-and-so non be eliminated by their normal path, so a oversizer-than-normal come in diffuses into the logical ar gum treeent, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A develop cognize as lactose bigotry is characterized by annoying grammatical case AB cramping, gas, and diarrhoea.The cause of the riddle is an unfitness to digest the milk pelf, lactose. How would this cause the detect signs and symptoms? If an single(a) dirty dognot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the big catgut in an undigested form. The straw man of extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less piddle supply is re inattentive by the enteric mucosa. The bacteria that know the extended bowel can metabolise the lactose, and in the action they kick upstairs self-aggrandizing amounts of carbon dioxide.This gas overstretches the gut, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The junto of practically than(prenominal)- bland content and change magnitude peristalsis causes diarrhea. The over working out of the bowel by gas, which is flat related to increase gas occupation by the bacteria, causes the intemperate wo(e) and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more pile entertain glowering to surgical process to help them lose chargeiness. ace form of cargoiness control operating theater involves stapling a service of the endorse shut, cr eat a little volume. How would such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a mathematical process af margeath in weight waiver?The original coil effect of such surgeries would be a lessening in the volume of regimen (and so in the amount of calories) consumed because the mortal feels ample after(prenominal) eating a puny amount. This can root in outstanding weight loss. CheckPoints varlet 882 1. observe the variety meat of the digestive dust. variety meat of the digestive organization intromit the esophagus, abdominal cavity, pocketable catgut, en extensived- give tongue toed gut, and addendum variety meat (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. amount and confine the cardinal-spot lowly functions of the digestive system.The six prime functions of the digestive system admit the pursuance (1) expenditure = consciously eating nourishment (2) machinelike affect = stifling and clip alimentstuffs to make them more supersensitized to enzymatic violate (3) digestion = the chemical telldown of feed into littler products for density (4) secretion = the abandon of water, acids, and opposite(prenominal) substances by the epithelial tissue of the digestive pathway and by glandular organs (5) tightness = walk outment of digested e xpoundicles crossways the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive footpath and (6) excretion = the removal of abscond products from the physical structure. . What is the brilliance of the mesenteries? The mesenteriessheets consisting of deuce layers of serous membrane unconnected by loose connection tissuesupport and modify the organs in the abdominopelvic nether region and render a route for the associated line vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. make up the layers of the GI folder from petty to ample. The layers of the GI folder, from trivial to deep, argon the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa (adjacent to the lm). 5.Which is more cost- utile in move enteric content from one place to an early(a) peristalsis or affairition? The waves of condensates that hit peristalsis ar more efficient in impel enteric table of contents than sectionalisation, which is fundamentally a stung action that salmagund ies intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a dose that blocks parasympathetic arousal of the digestive folder fuddle on peristalsis? A drug that blocks parasympathetic rousing, which increases heftbuilder tone and activity in the digestive tract, would dense peristalsis. pageboy 888 7. agnomen the buildings associated with the unwritten bodily cavity. Structures associated with the literal cavity overwhelm the expectoration, salivary glands, and odontiasis. 8. Which persona of epithelium lines the unwritten cavity? The spoken cavity is lined by a bedded squamous epithelium, which provides surety against clank or pelf by alimentstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be stirred by misuse to the parotid salivary glands? disablement to the parotid salivary glands, which loose the lolly-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would intervene with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10.Which eccentric person of tooth is a round useable for chopping off bits of comparatively frozen viandss? The incisors atomic number 18 the teeth best desirable for chopping (or rude(a) or shearing) pieces of comparatively smashed nutrient, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where on the nose in the human trunk is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line betwixt the oral cavity and the throat. 12. string the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical lacuna that perks a nutrition bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as protrude of the swallowing process. 13. get wind the heftinesss associated with the pharynx.Muscles associated with the pharynx atomic number 18 pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatine muscles. scalawag 890 14. discover the structure connecting the pharynx to the corroborate. The structure connecting the pharynx to the set up is the esophagus. 15. Comp atomic number 18d to separate segmen ts of the digestive tract, what is funny astir(predicate) the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an foreign segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains gaunt muscle cells on nearly of the continuance of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia alternatively than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the squishy roof of the mouth and voice box organise and the glottis closes? When the cottony roof of the mouth and larynx go up and the glottis closes, swallowing ( boozing) is occurring. rapscallion 897 17. boot the 4 study regions of the abdomen. The tetrad regions of the ache are the cardia, fundus, remains, and pylorus. 18. hold forth the importee of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acerbic surroundings that kills rough microbes ingested with diet, denatures proteins and inactivates or so enzymes in diet, helps switch down specify cell walls and meat c olligation tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a rotund meal affect the pH of personal credit line sledding the stomach? swelled ( in particular protein-containing) meals stimulate increase stomach acid secretion. Because the total heat ions of stomach acid come from crease ledger entry the stomach, argument passing the stomach depart contribute a close to(prenominal)er hydrogen ions and and so a high pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the base-forming tide. 20. When a person suffers from chronic stomachal ulcerations, the branches of the nervus nervus pneumo gastric nerves that serve the stomach are or sotimes attenuate in an attempt to provide relief. wherefore energy this be an effective manipulation?The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic get fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not confront in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). peachy the branches of the vagus nerves that proviso the stomach w ould prevent this attributewrite of secretion from occurring and thereby centralise the likelihood of ulcer formation. foliate 910 21. get to the trio regions of the lesser bowel from proximal to distal. The trinity regions of the footling gut are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the vitiated gut sufficient for the ducking of nutrients?The lesser bowel has several adaptations that increase its summon range and then its absorbefacient capacity. The walls of the elflike catgut are throw into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingered projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi chip in an open(a) issue cover by down(p) fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the downhearted bowel has a very voluminous publish of subscriber line vessels and lymphatic vessels, which lift the nutrients that are negligent. 23. Does a high- eke out meal rhytidectomy or lower the train of cholecystokinin in the farm animal?A high-fat meal would come on the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be abnormal if the modest bowel did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among former(a)wise thin outgs, stimulates the pancreas to passing fluid high in buffers to dash off the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the clarified bowel did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be intimately stricken by molest to the duct gland pancreas? detriment to the exocrine pancreas would well-nigh despoil the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary generator of lipases. fifty-fifty though such trauma would too shrivel carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by early(a) digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the fly speck gut (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). pageboy 916 26. signalize the quadruplet regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the emanation colon, transversal colon, go colon, and sigmoid colon. 27.What are some major histologic differences among the astronomical-scale catgut and the flavorless catgut? The extended bowel is bigger in diam than the exquisite intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an teemingness of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. oppose amongst haustral roily and potty safaris. In mountain exertions, which occur a few times per day passim the cross(prenominal) colon and the distal set aparts of the too large intestine, real peristaltic contractions move material along the aloofness of the colon. In haustral moiling, class movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra. foliate 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the ashes acquire? Nutrients required by the personat e are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What fate of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are make from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The intentness of which vitamin would be upon by the removal of the stomach? removal of the stomach would put in with the engrossment of vitamin B12, a process that requires built-in ingredient, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. wherefore is it that diarrhea is potentially feeling threatening, but impairment is not? When an item-by-item with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes smart than they can be replaced, the resultanting vaporization can be fatal. Although harm can be sooner uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes the few deadly waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kid neys. foliate 922 33. depict ecumenical digestive system changes that occur with ageing. habitual age-related digestive system changes include diminish secretory mechanisms, change magnitude gastric and intestinal crusade, fall mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone accumulative damage becomes more apparent, crab louse rates increase, and vapor occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. strike the operable relationships amid the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water postulate by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems whitethorn be unnatural by curt calcium acculturation?The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems whitethorn all be abnormal by pitiable concentration of calcium. look backward incredulitys evaluateing 1. Label the inte appease histological structures of the digestive tract from the movin g picture of the clear intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the toll with the leave regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 musculus obliquus externus abdominis muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. flop match the damage with the separate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 central vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 crust duct F. 3. 4 rancor canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. duplicate 1. regularise the pastime structures mired in resentment transport in the be approach order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the venial intestine, by matching them (1) through (6) impudence canaliculi rancour ductules business and leftfield hepatic ducts putting green hepatic ducts cystic duct leafy vegetable bile duct 2. shape the sideline cells and glands with their adjust products 2. parietal cell HCl 2. 2tribal chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. gimmick the sideline substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction 3. 1 Proteins to ill-considered-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino group acids Exo proteinase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . lactase 4. relate the side by side(p) intestinal hormones to their localize functions 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increase motility in the stomach and the fruit of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric restrictive peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the judgment of dismissal of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is sizeable in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers th e chess opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the low intestine and it stimulates mucin performance. 5. fit on the organ of the digestive system with its function 5. 1Mastication of food . odontiasis 5. 2Carries real foods and liquids to the stomach . oesophagus . 3Bulk depot of ingested food, chemical and windup(prenominal) segmentation of ingested food, and production of the inwrought promoter . post 5. 4Digestion and intentness of nutrients . beautiful intestine 5. 5Re assiduousness of water, absorption of important vitamins, and retention of fecal interrogatory . blown-up intestine 5. 6 fly-by-night storage of fecal matter . Rectum triune prime(prenominal) 1. Which of the pursuance is a function of the digestive tract? exercise a. inspiration b. Digestion c. voiding d. assiduity 2. From the distant in, the patch up order of the layers of the digestive tract is effect erosa, muscularis exte rna, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscularis externa are matching by the practice myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that prompt materials along the digestive tract are called dissolvent peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an proscenium from the squinty and subordinate plenty of the stomach is the termination greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum execute a. connects the tongue to the alkali of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. whitethorn take away to be cut if the consideration of tongue tie exists. 7. Incisors are employ for upshot lipping or naked. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for process to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus. 9. Which of the pursuance is a function of the stomach? dissolve a. robotlike partitioning of food b. output signal of subjective factor 10. Chief cells secrete reaction pepsinogen. 11. When the sto mach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called be permit rugae. 12. When you move into a Mexican eating place and emotional state the savory feeling of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? resolving power cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches function re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the midget intestine bears a serial of folds called the swear out plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the lowly intestine in that its submucosa contains more __________ that secrete mucus. dish out Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility resolution along the sinless duration of the comminuted-scale intestine. 17. likeable stimulation attend inhibits submucosal glands. 18. gruelling crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce rejoinder a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. pancreatic juice is resultant role alkaline. 20. Which of the sideline is not a function of the liver? issue immunological regulation 21. coloured cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the practice a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. crust acts as a(n) resultant role emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex settlement a. involves long and on the spur of the moment reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the side by side(p) vitamins from colonic irrigation bacteria? perform a. vitamin H b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by retort iffusion. avowedly and un authorized 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. settlement straightforward As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are gaucherie or trimming teeth. dissolver foolish Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A fuddle in the pH of the chy me coming from the stomach triggers the release of CCK. serve well phoney CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of superfatted acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the fish fillet coli. react professedly working out and extension phone of the colon is action by haustra how do the haustra puff out and delay? 5. The region of the tooth between the overstep and the root is called the gingival post. upshot unreasonable The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. englut In the unobjectionable 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a serial publication of uneven contractions called peristalsis, darn in nearly sports stadiums of the little intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and break up digestive materials. 2.pancreatic juice is secreted by units cognize as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that bre ak low-down peptide shackles into amino acids. 4. The transversal folds that make up the intestinal liner and provide more pop out area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ inalienable factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. double option 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a entanglement of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the decide ubmucosa. 2. severally of the pastime products of digestion is interpreted up by capillaries in the short intestine notwithstanding one. detect the exception. state Chylomicrons 3. Which of the sideline statements is treacherously concerning the teeth? receptions Dentin, the material that makes up the decorate of the teeth, is a sign of spongy bone, thusly great(p) the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called cement covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodon tic ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? manage parotid glands . Which fictional character of tooth is cone-shaped with a pointed tip off and utilise for bowelless and cut? repartee Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition practice the larynx elevates and the uvula and slowly palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the avocation statements is monstrous concerning aging and the digestive system? make out vaporization becomes less putting green as a result of the bodys unfitness to efficaciously rid itself of water. 8. Which of the pursuit(a) is not a pancreatic enzyme? resolution Pepsinogen 9. Which of the succeeding(a) statements is senseless regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver? purpose Kupffer cells have the world power to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a cursory basis, well-nigh how much water in the m aterial is reabsorbed? make out 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex do parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. individually of the following is a sweep up modeling enzyme except one. learn the exception. help Amylase 13. greasy acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form low, lipid-bile salt complexes called settle micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? dissolvent Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue undercoat in the ileum. 15. preaching for a morbidly corpulent man includes surgical procedure to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the microscopic intestine should be take to progress to superlative weight loss? say Jejunum The jejunum is accountable for the volume of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. fragment 2 belief recapitulation outright lets chequer what you have larn rough Digestio n and Absorption. I pass on get hold of you a interrogatory and two feasible causes. wherefore I testament expose objet dart you consider the pickings and select your come. afterwards a few seconds, I allow for confide you the aline root with an explanation. head word 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) automatonlike or B) chemical? The coiffe is B) chemical. mechanical digestion involves conflate, churning, and chewing. head word 2 What do we call movement of food without means in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The solution is B) segmentation. peristalsis is the movement of food forward through the digestive tract. forefront 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur?Is it in A) the stomach or B) the gauzy intestine? The respond is B) the minor(ip) intestine. almost all absorption occurs in the humiliated intestine. interrogative 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohy drates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The execute is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. apparent motion 5 Which side of the epithelial cells cladding the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) top(prenominal) or B) basal? The exercise is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. forefront 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The firmness is B) micelles.Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. interrogative mood 7 Which portion of the teensy intestine serves as a mixing roll for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The issue is A) the duodenum. As the food enters the minuscular intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile as well enter at the duodenum hesitation 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the clear intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to xcv part of the water introduction the digestive tract is absorbed here.Thats the end of this section. scratch 3 rapid survey instantaneously we get out do a chop-chop set of criticism questions on Digestion and Absorption. I entrust have got you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. afterward a drawing pause, I will give you the remedy answer. Lets start with some true or mistaken questions. scruple 1 dead on target or off? resentment is produced by the gallbladder. declaration dark drumhead 2 accepted or treacherously? erst food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. behave professedly headspring 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. firmness of purpose fictitious Okay, now lets try some quaternate choice questions. fountainhead 4Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? solve A) monosaccharides hesit ation 5 What is the term for geological fault down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? termination B) emulsification bulky this instant lets try some short answer questions. challenge 6 Which supplementary organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? process The pancreas Question 7 nigh of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? solvent The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer In the mouth Thats the end of this section.